Unit 5: Art History · Lesson 1
Art History - Lesson 1
What this lesson is for
- Students will create artwork related to Art History - Lesson 1
- Students will express creativity through art
Them hath he filled with wisdom of heart, to work all manner of work.
Exodus 35:35
Ancient Art: Egypt, Greece, and Rome
Art did not begin with the Renaissance or even with Greece. Humans have been making art since the earliest days of recorded history — and before. Understanding where Western art began helps us appreciate how far it has developed and how much the great artists of later centuries owed to their predecessors.
Common Grace and Ancient Art Theologians speak of common grace — God's grace extended to all people regardless of their relationship with Him, enabling humans to create, reason, and do good even without knowing the true God. The extraordinary art of ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome was produced by people who worshiped false gods. Yet their achievements in beauty, craft, and design reflect the image of God in which all humans are made. "He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath set the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the work that God maketh from the beginning to the end." (Ecclesiastes 3:11) The desire to make beautiful things is built into humanity by its Creator.
Ancient Egyptian Art (3100–30 BCE) Egyptian art is one of the most distinctive and consistent visual styles in history — its conventions remained largely unchanged for three thousand years. Key characteristics:
- Hierarchical scale: figures are drawn larger or smaller depending on their importance, not their physical position in space
- Composite view: human figures are drawn with the head and legs in profile but the torso facing forward — a combined view that shows each part of the body most recognizably
- Formal, frontal presentation: figures are rigid and formal, facing straight ahead
- Flat, unshaded color: no shadows or three-dimensional modeling — just flat areas of color
- Hieroglyphic text integrated with images
The purpose of Egyptian art was primarily functional — it was made for tombs, temples, and the afterlife, intended to serve the dead in the next world.
Ancient Greek Art (800–31 BCE) Greek art evolved dramatically over its history, moving toward increasing naturalism and idealism. By the Classical period (5th–4th century BCE), Greek sculptors had achieved a perfection of the human figure that was not surpassed for over a thousand years. Key characteristics:
- Idealism: figures were not portraits of real people but ideal versions of the human form — perfectly proportioned, youthful, athletic
- Contrapposto stance: figures stand with weight shifted to one leg, creating a relaxed, natural S-curve through the body (first achieved by Polykleitos' Doryphoros, c. 450 BCE)
- Narrative scenes: Greek vase painting depicted myths, battles, athletics, and daily life in energetic figures
- Architectural sculpture: the Parthenon frieze is a masterwork of reliefs depicting the Panathenaic procession
Ancient Roman Art (500 BCE–476 CE) Romans absorbed and adapted Greek art, blending Greek idealism with a distinctively Roman taste for verism — realistic, often unflattering portraiture. Roman portrait busts captured specific individuals with warts, wrinkles, and age. Romans also developed architectural forms — the arch, vault, and dome — that allowed extraordinary engineering achievements. The Colosseum, the Pantheon, and Trajan's Column all reveal Roman mastery of both engineering and decorative art.
Practice Exercise Find one example each of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art. For each, write two to three sentences describing: (1) what the artwork depicts, (2) its key stylistic characteristics, and (3) what it reveals about that culture's values and beliefs.
Key Terms
- Hierarchical scale: sizing figures by importance rather than spatial position
- Contrapposto: a relaxed standing pose with weight shifted, creating a natural S-curve
- Verism: hyper-realistic portraiture, especially associated with Roman art
- Common grace: God's grace that enables all humans to create and reason, regardless of faith
Homework
No homework - great job creating today!
Note for the parent
Today's lesson covers Art History - Lesson 1. Estimated time: 40 minutes. Encourage independent work but be available for questions.
The first three of this lesson's 10 questions
What theological concept does this lesson use to explain why non-Christian ancient cultures (Egypt, Greece, Rome) produced remarkable art?
Show the answer
Answer: Common grace—God's grace extended to all people regardless of their relationship with Him, enabling creativity, beauty, and order even outside of explicit faith
What was the primary purpose of art in ancient Egypt, according to this lesson?
Show the answer
Answer: Service to religion and the afterlife—art ensured the deceased had what they needed, depicted gods, and maintained cosmic order
What is the 'canon of proportions' in ancient Egyptian art, and why did Egyptian artists follow it strictly?
Show the answer
Answer: A mathematical system prescribing the correct proportions for depicting the human figure—followed for thousands of years because it was believed to reflect divine order and eternal truth, not momentary appearance
Another 7 questions follow in the lesson itself, each one graded the moment it is answered.